Town of Cali, in Colombia, is internet hosting the UN’s sixteenth biodiversity summit, often called Cop16. The summit, which runs till Friday, November 1, is targeted on how nations will fulfil earlier pledges to guard a minimum of 30% of the world’s land and water and restore 30% of degraded ecosystems by 2030.
It’s a noble intention, but Colombia itself exhibits simply how far we’ve got to go.
Should you journey south east from Cali, over the Andes mountains, you drop into the Amazon basin. From there, rainforest stretches for lots of of kilometres to the border with Brazil – and much past. This rainforest is the primary purpose Colombia ranks because the fourth most biodiverse nation on the planet. Nowhere else has as many species of birds. Solely Brazil and China have extra timber.
However the area is experiencing an environmental disaster. I not too long ago accomplished a PhD on the northern Colombian Amazon, by which I tracked how the rainforest is quick being deforested and changed into pastures for cattle ranches. I significantly checked out how this impacts hotspots of plant and animal life in rugged valleys on the Amazonian aspect of the Andes – spectacularly biodiverse locations even by Colombian requirements – and checked out what could be finished to guard them.
Milenioscuro / wiki / Geographic Institute Agustín Codazzi, CC BY-SA
This isn’t a straightforward a part of the world by which to do such work – the NGO International Witness ranks Colombia as the only most harmful nation for environmental defenders. Whereas documenting authorized and unlawful cattle ranching, I used to be typically reminded to pay attention to precisely who I used to be contacting and to be cautious of which questions I used to be asking.
Activists and researchers typically face violence from those that revenue from deforestation, and I needed to work intently with organisations and authorities that secured personal security. Very harrowing experiences are usually not unusual.
Regardless of these dangers, many proceed their efforts, pushed by a deep dedication to defending the Amazon and its biodiversity. Their bravery solely underscores the pressing want for stronger protections and enforcement.
Peace led to extra deforestation
For many years, the area was largely managed by the Farc guerrilla military. The Farc was largely funded by kidnappings and the drug commerce, and wasn’t all in favour of large-scale farming.
All this modified after the federal government of Colombia signed a peace settlement with the Farc in 2016. Since then, deforestation has elevated, as each authorized and unlawful land tenants have acquired land for farming by what they name “sustainable improvement” practices. This largely includes turning forest into pasture for cattle, the primary driver of deforestation throughout Latin America.

Jordi Romo / shutterstock
Issues peaked in 2018, when 2,470 sq. kilometres of forest was misplaced in Colombia – equal to a round space greater than 50 kilometres throughout. Charges of deforestation have diminished barely since then (although the information isn’t very dependable), however seem like growing as soon as once more in 2024.
The current enhance could be attributed to the demand to supply extra coca or rear extra cattle, together with strain from extractive industries like mining. The unfold of roads and different infrastructure additional into the rainforest have additionally opened up new alternatives.
Billions extra wanted to cease deforestation
In its 2018 Dwelling Forest Report, the WWF included Colombia’s Chocó-Darién and Amazon forests in its record of 11 “deforestation fronts” throughout the planet. These fronts are the place it projected the biggest concentrations of forest loss or extreme degradation would happen within the interval until 2030.
No surprise then that Colombia’s environmental disaster has drawn worldwide consideration. International locations like Germany, Norway and the UK have supported its efforts to scale back deforestation, pledging about €22 million underneath the UN’s lowering emissions from deforestation and forest degradation scheme (often called REDD+). This can be a good begin, however rather more is required.

Jhampier Giron M / shutterstock
Certainly, the International Biodiversity Framework, the worldwide treaty that underlies the Cop16 negotiations in Cali, estimates we’ll want an additional US$700 billion every year to guard biodiversity.
An vital challenge on the summit is subsequently mobilise adequate monetary assets, significantly for creating nations. The earlier world biodiversity summit, held in Canada in 2022, established that rich nations ought to present US$30 billion yearly to low-income nations by 2030.
Forward of this 12 months’s summit, nations have been anticipated to submit new nationwide biodiversity plans detailing how they’ll meet the 30% safety targets. Most failed to take action – together with Colombia. Regardless of this setback, delegates in Cali will hopefully develop strong mechanisms to watch progress and guarantee nations are held accountable for assembly their targets.
Different important points embody reforms to profit small-scale farmers within the Amazon. The area’s present financial mannequin is centred on reshaping the land and extracting assets, nevertheless it has not generated prosperity for these extra sustainable farmers. That very same financial mannequin has additionally failed to guard the forest itself.
The summit also needs to work in the direction of recognising indigenous peoples’ rights and conventional data, and together with their voices in coverage selections, and should tackle violence towards environmental defenders.
These are all big points in Colombia and certainly any nation the place cattle farmers are eyeing up pristine rainforest. The summit in Cali represents an important alternative for the world to significantly sort out the twin biodiversity and local weather disaster.

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